2025Annual
Report

Message from the President and CEO

In 2025, CMPA continued to focus on what matters most—supporting our members and advancing safe medical care in Canada.

We’re especially encouraged by the strong trust members place in our advice, assistance, learning, and research, with many turning to us for timely, empathetic medico-legal guidance when they need it most.

We made meaningful strides in supporting physician well-being, including introducing the Physician Well-Being Index (WBI) in English and French and expanding peer support for those navigating challenging situations. Our safe medical care learning resources were accessed 225,000 times, up 18% from 2024, underscoring our role as a partner in the delivery of safe, quality care. At the same time, we maintained the financial stability members and their patients rely on. On behalf of members, we delivered $341 million in compensation to patients proven harmed by negligent care.

Our accomplishments in 2025 reflect our ongoing commitment to our members and to a strong, collaborative Canadian healthcare system. We invite you to read on to learn more about the progress we’ve made together.

Photo: Lisa Calder
Dr. Birinder Singh, MD, LLB, CCFP, FCFP
President
Photo: Lisa Calder
Dr. Lisa Calder, MD, MSc, FRCPC
Chief Executive Officer

About CMPA

Mission

To protect the professional integrity of physicians and promote safe medical care in Canada.

Vision

The CMPA is valued as an essential component of the Canadian healthcare system.

Empowering Better Healthcare

As an essential component of the Canadian healthcare system, we empower better healthcare by supporting our members and employees, strengthening our foundation through collaboration, and adapting to a changing healthcare environment.

Supporting our members: 2025 highlights

Providing trusted support
  • 93% of surveyed members* agreed that CMPA provided credible medico-legal advice.
  • Amid increasing call and case volumes, we continued to deliver expert, empathetic peer-to-peer advice and assistance to members over 57,970 times by phone and online.
  • We supported members throughout the full lifecycle of their medico-legal events, providing timely guidance at every stage.
Delivering services that members value
  • Members appreciated the sensitivity with which physician advisors addressed their concerns, with 97%** reporting their interactions took place in a safe, non-judgmental, and supportive environment.
  • 94% of members** were satisfied with the service they received.

*6,984 2025 Membership Survey respondents

**who completed the post-call survey

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A closer look: Wellness Support Program

Providing an extra layer of peer support when members need it most

Through the WSP, we offered additional support to members experiencing elevated distress related to medico-⁠legal issues.

This program supported 155 members in 2025 through 302 phone conversations.

Ever since my first interaction with the peer support program, I have been recommending it to others. I was expecting a peer that would understand and empathize with my experience but was not expecting the degree of coaching and personalized problem solving that was provided.

Enhancing
physician well-being
After receiving support, participants reported:

an increased ability to manage stress and navigate medico-legal challenges.

an earlier return to work or ability to continue working when they originally thought they couldn't.

Strengthening our foundation through collaboration:
2025 highlights

Clarifying the medico-legal impacts of legislative change
  • CMPA navigated and provided input on a variety of legislative and stakeholder issues, including Québec’s Bill 106, while supporting our members and maintaining organizational neutrality. 
Supporting the safe implementation of AI-based tools in healthcare
  • We engaged with 17 artificial intelligence (AI) stakeholders and working groups across Canada.
  • We advocated for the safe implementation of AI, including submissions to the Office of the Information and Privacy Commissioner of BC, the Government of Ontario, the Federation of General Practitioners of Quebec, and Doctors of BC.  
  • “AI in primary care: A CMPA Perspective” was presented at the College of Family Physicians of Canada’s Family Medicine Forum to 641 attendees.
Advancing a medico-legal perspective through the evolution of MAiD  
  • We made 4 submissions to the Office of the Chief Coroner for Ontario, advising how their recommendations would be implemented, to better support our members in Ontario. 
  • We attended and sponsored the Canadian Association of MAiD Assessors and Providers conference, the only conference of its kind in Canada.
  • We worked with provincial, national, and international stakeholders, sharing our medico-legal perspective and underscoring the need for detailed guidance within a legislative and regulatory framework.

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A closer look: Support for international medical graduates (IMGs) new to Canada

Deeping insight into IMG experiences

Our new infographic 10 things you should know about IMGs highlighted key systemic barriers and transition challenges.

Supporting IMGs with tailored guidance and resources

The IMG learning resources hub attracted nearly 18,000 visitors in 2025.

Earning national recognition for education value

Our learning resources were recommended for examination preparation by a national medical standards and assessment body.

Delivering IMG-specific training

In collaboration with a provincial partice-ready assessment program, we delivered simulation-based learning with trained actors to strengthen patient-centred communication; participants reported increased confidence and ability to apply these skills in practice.

Adapting to the changing healthcare environment through modernization: 2025 highlights

Translating learning into safer care
  • A team who previously participated in our surgical safety course made meaningful and sustained changes to its surgical protocols, reporting a 50% reduction in surgical site infection rates by 2025.
Meeting growing demand for practical guidance
  • We recorded almost 225,000 engagements with online and in-person learning resources in 2025, an 18% increase over 2024, reflecting how our easily accessible resources are increasingly tailored to our members’ current needs.
Delivering value members recognized
  • 98% of surveyed members* said the range of CMPA learning and research resources met their professional needs.
Responding to member-identified learning needs
  • We nearly doubled the number of member-initiated, custom-designed learning year over year.
Recognized leadership in quality safety education
  • CMPA courses were added to and prominently featured in a Canadian medical regulator’s quality improvement program.

*6,984 2025 Membership Survey respondents

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A closer look: AI-enabled research

Building CMPA’s first generative AI (GAI) model

We developed a GAI model to summarize and categorize advice files in real-time with high accuracy, helping us stay on top of emerging issues.

Faster data analysis

The model enables large-scale retrospective analysis of advice files spanning many years and hundreds of thousands of advice calls.

Deeper member insights

Our understanding of why members seek advice will be strengthened, including patterns across practice type, years in practice, and geographic location.

A year in numbers

Medico-legal matters


  • 2025 TOTAL
    ON
    BC/AB
    QC
    SMAT**
    New advice cases





    Advice to members
    21,829
    9,746
    5,416
    4,463
    2,204
    New medico-legal cases





    Legal actions - served1
    726
    334
    204
    104
    84
    Legal actions - not served2
    414
    156
    88
    145
    25
    College (medical regulatory authority) matters
    6,076
    1,859
    2,094
    1,188
    935
    Hospital matters
    2,584
    713
    499
    1,116
    256
    Paying agency matters
    248
    44
    26
    140
    38
    Other3
    232
    118
    70
    17
    27
    Total
    10,280
    3,224
    2,981
    2,710
    1,365
    Resolved legal actions





    Judgment for plaintiff
    16
    5
    4
    6
    1
    Judgment for physician
    35
    9
    9
    14
    3
    Settled with plaintiff
    342
    166
    68
    81
    27
    Dismissed/discontinued/abandoned
    669
    336
    152
    123
    58
    Total
    1,062
    516
    233
    224
    89

    Notes:

    1. Legal actions – served: means legal action was commenced against a member.
    2. Legal actions – not served: means legal action was threatened. Note: threats may result in a settlement or progress to legal actions – served.
    3. Other: includes human rights complaints, inquests, privacy investigations, and criminal matters.

    ** Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Atlantic provinces, and Territories


  • 2021
    2022
    2023
    2024
    2025
    New advice cases





    Advice to members
    24,291
    21,149
    20,592
    21,148
    21,829
    New medico-legal cases





    Legal actions1
    -
    -
    -
    -
    -
    Legal actions - served2
    632
    670
    674
    659
    726
    Legal actions - not served3
    326
    272
    305
    299
    414
    Threats1
    9
    -
    -
    -
    -
    College (medical regulatory authority) matters
    4,844
    5,069
    5,135
    4,183
    6,076
    Hospital matters
    2,011
    1,859
    2,064
    2,275
    2,584
    Paying agency matters
    206
    176
    187
    335
    248
    Other4
    178
    148
    173
    231
    232
    Total new medico-legal cases
    8,206
    8,194
    8,538
    9,109
    10,280
    Resolved legal actions





    Judgment for plaintiff
    11
    8
    13
    9
    16
    Judgment for physician
    30
    26
    33
    32
    35
    Settled with plaintiff
    343
    313
    322
    324
    342
    Dismissed/discontinued/abandoned
    574
    638
    623
    656
    669
    Total resolved legal actions5
    958
    985
    991
    1,021
    1,062

    Notes:

    1. CMPA migrated to a new client management system in 2021, which classifies medico-legal cases differently. Reclassification of medico-legal cases will be observed, such as legal actions now classified as served and not served.
    2. Legal actions – served: means legal action was commenced against a member.
    3. Legal actions – not served: means legal action was threatened. Note: threats may result in a settlement or progress to legal actions – served.
    4. Other: includes human rights complaints, inquests, privacy investigations, and criminal matters.
    5. Total resolved legal actions: the majority of resolved legal actions include cases commenced before 2023.

Our members

Type of work


44,334 (37%)
Family Medicine Specialists


59,570 (50%)
Royal College Specialists

119,308

Canadian physician members of the CMPA in 2025


15,401 (13%)
Residents


3 (0%)
*Other

*Other: This category consists of members working abroad (humanitarian work, teaching, or research).


Age

45,901 40 and under

39%

49,177 41 to 59

41%

24,230 60 and over

20%

By region

  • Region CMPA Members Percentage of membership
    BC/AB 32,235 27%
    SMAT* 15,940 13%
    ON 47,904 40%
    QC 23,229 20%
    * Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Atlantic provinces, and Territories

    Regional distribution of CMPA membership

    * Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Atlantic provinces, and Territories

  • Region Advice matters
    BC/AB 5,416
    SMAT* 2,204
    ON 9,746
    QC 4,463
    Total advice cases 21,829
    * Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Atlantic provinces, and Territories

    Advice provided to members by region

    BC/AB: 5,079; SMAT: 2,005; ON: 9,561; QC: 4,503.

    * Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Atlantic provinces, and Territories

  • Region Legal cases (such as civil-legal matters) College matters Hospital matters
    BC/AB 292 2,094 499
    SMAT* 109 935 256
    ON 490 1,859 713
    QC 249 1,188 1,116
    Total 1,140 6,076 2,584
    * Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Atlantic provinces, and Territories

    Medico-legal matters by region

    * Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Atlantic provinces, and Territories

Learning


261

learning events delivered across Canada*


67%

of our CPD workshops and presentations were initiated by member requests.

*Includes continuing professional development (CPD) programs, presentations, booths, webinars, and more.

15,879

Canadian physicians, allied healthcare professionals and stakeholders attended CMPA learning events.

208,871

times our digital products—including Electronic Learning Activities, Good Practices, and more —were accessed.

Financial performance

Our financial responsibility

CMPA has a responsibility to maintain sufficient funds to support our physician members and compensate patients on their behalf when negligent care has been proven, today, tomorrow, and well into the future.

Accordingly, our financial planning horizon is far-reaching.

As a not-for-profit, mutual, medical defense organization, we collect membership fees from physicians each year. On behalf of members, we use our funds to compensate patients who have proven to be harmed by negligent medical care (fault in Québec), to support members facing medico-legal difficulties, and to advance safe medical care.

The full cost of member protection is paid by member fees (paid individually by each physician member) and the income earned by CMPA’s investment portfolio. Each year, we assess the anticipated costs for protection for the coming year, and we incorporate our estimated investment income based on our portfolio. Using this information and other data points, we set member fees, focusing on keeping fees as low as possible.

In 2025, we collected fees necessary to protect our members and compensate patients today, tomorrow, and well into the future for all occurrences taking place in 2025. We are committed to limiting the growth of medical liability protection costs as much as possible and strive to use the fees we collect efficiently and responsibly.

2025 membership fees

One of our goals is to maintain relative, long-term membership fee stability in an environment influenced by volatility in both investment markets and medico-legal costs.

Understanding fee changes

As our overall financial position fluctuates from year to year, membership fees can also fluctuate. For example, when the actual costs of medico-legal protection for any given year are different than the predicted values, membership fees may be increased or decreased accordingly. Similarly, when investment returns are different than our targets, fees may be adjusted.

Over the past 10 years, our investment portfolio has generally done very well. This has allowed us to temporarily reduce membership fees by significant amounts in an effort to lower our net asset position. In fact, since 2019, we have provided members with increasingly greater fee credits, which reached their peak in 2023. From 2021 to 2025, we have given $858 million in fee credits to members, meaning our investment portfolio has paid a large portion of our members’ cost of protection.

Fee reductions over the last 5 years:

  • $99.5 million in 2021
  • $200 million in 2022
  • $362.5 million in 2023
  • $108.2 million in 2024
  • $88.2 million in 2025
Adjusting 2025 membership fees

In 2023, our investments performed better than expected and our financial position stabilized. For the Ontario and British Columbia/Alberta fee regions, this meant fees were relatively stable in 2025. As these two fee regions account for 67% of our membership, the majority of our members experienced stable fees in 2025.

After several years of unprecedentedly low membership fees in Québec, fees increased in 2025 to be more in line with the anticipated medico-legal costs. Similarly, in Saskatchewan, Manitoba, the Atlantic Provinces and the Territories, fees increased from unprecedentedly low levels, to better align with the anticipated medico-legal costs.

For more information, read our consolidated financial statements and Independent Auditors’ Report.

Compensating patients

On behalf of our members, we provide timely and appropriate compensation to patients proven to have been harmed as a result of negligent medical care (fault in Québec). Compensation to patients and the cost of legal services are our largest expenses each year.

We paid a total of $2.6 billion in patient compensation on behalf of our members over the last ten years, or an average of $264 million per year. This is our largest expense.

The following graph highlights patient compensation by region, adjusted for the consumer price index (CPI).

Compensation to patients by fee region (CPI-adjusted)

2016 - British Columbia/ Alberta: 64,734,887.98; Ontario: 107,728,558.46; Québec: 25,074,514.28; Saskatchewan/ Manitoba/ Atlantic and Territories: 23,085,274.44; Total: 220,623,235.16;

2017 - British Columbia/ Alberta: 43,994,594.16; Ontario: 204,851,141.59; Québec: 41,933,310.92; Saskatchewan/ Manitoba/ Atlantic and Territories: 25,194,807.35; Total: 315,973,854.02;

2018 - British Columbia/ Alberta: 80,350,766.70; Ontario: 179,129,973.32; Québec: 24,482,810.26; Saskatchewan/ Manitoba/ Atlantic and Territories: 37,771,560.13; Total: 321,735,110.41;

2019 - British Columbia/ Alberta: 43,617,750.11; Ontario: 189,141,193.89; Québec: 20,330,988.41; Saskatchewan/ Manitoba/ Atlantic and Territories: 17,149,081.50; Total: 270,239,013.91;

2020 - British Columbia/ Alberta: 63,648,991.50; Ontario: 134,368,310.26; Québec: 27,483,596.96; Saskatchewan/ Manitoba/ Atlantic and Territories: 21,876,964.12; Total: 247,377,862.83;

2021 - British Columbia/ Alberta: 89,441,693.69; Ontario: 174,755,319.89; Québec: 29,321,831.30; Saskatchewan/ Manitoba/ Atlantic and Territories: 23,007,887.00; Total: 316,526,731.87;

2022 - British Columbia/ Alberta: 86,606,450.34; Ontario: 179,329,266.93; Québec: 18,804,577.55; Saskatchewan/ Manitoba/ Atlantic and Territories: 16,320,970.53; Total: 301,061,265.34;

2023 - British Columbia/ Alberta: 85,948,061.93; Ontario: 183,671,678.05; Québec: 25,569,131.92; Saskatchewan/ Manitoba/ Atlantic and Territories: 25,660,153.83; Total: 320,849,025.73;

2024 - British Columbia/ Alberta: 68,306,873.52; Ontario: 195,674,450.24; Québec: 48,936,691.34; Saskatchewan/ Manitoba/ Atlantic and Territories: 16,301,552.36; Total: 329,219,567.46;

2025 - British Columbia/ Alberta: 58,805,432.68; Ontario: 229,956,013.83; Québec: 31,253,976.60; Saskatchewan/ Manitoba/ Atlantic and Territories: 21,243,456.45; Total: 341,258,879.56;

  •  British Columbia/Alberta
  •  Ontario
  •  Québec
  •  Saskatchewan/Manitoba/Atlantic and Territories
  •  Total
2016
British Columbia/Alberta 64,734,887.98
Ontario 107,728,558.46
Québec 25,074,514.28
Saskatchewan/Manitoba/Atlantic and Territories 23,085,274.44
Total 220,623,235.16
2017
British Columbia/Alberta 43,994,594.16
Ontario 204,851,141.59
Québec 41,933,310.92
Saskatchewan/Manitoba/Atlantic and Territories 25,194,807.35
Total 315,973,854.02
2018
British Columbia/Alberta 80,350,766.70
Ontario 179,129,973.32
Québec 24,482,810.26
Saskatchewan/Manitoba/Atlantic and Territories 37,771,560.13
Total 321,735,110.41
2019
British Columbia/Alberta 43,617,750.11
Ontario 189,141,193.89
Québec 20,330,988.41
Saskatchewan/Manitoba/Atlantic and Territories 17,149,081.50
Total 270,239,013.91
2020
British Columbia/Alberta 63,648,991.50
Ontario 134,368,310.26
Québec 27,483,596.96
Saskatchewan/Manitoba/Atlantic and Territories 21,876,964.12
Total 247,377,862.83
2021
British Columbia/Alberta 89,441,693.69
Ontario 174,755,319.89
Québec 29,321,831.30
Saskatchewan/Manitoba/Atlantic and Territories 23,007,887.00
Total 316,526,731.87
2022
British Columbia/Alberta 86,606,450.34
Ontario 179,329,266.93
Québec 18,804,577.55
Saskatchewan/Manitoba/Atlantic and Territories 16,320,970.53
Total 301,061,265.34
2023
British Columbia/Alberta 85,948,061.93
Ontario 183,671,678.05
Québec 25,569,131.92
Saskatchewan/Manitoba/Atlantic and Territories 25,660,153.83
Total 320,849,025.73
2024
British Columbia/Alberta 68,306,873.52
Ontario 195,674,450.24
Québec 48,936,691.34
Saskatchewan/Manitoba/Atlantic and Territories 16,301,552.36
Total 329,219,567.46
2025
British Columbia/Alberta 58,805,432.68
Ontario 229,956,013.83
Québec 31,253,976.60
Saskatchewan/Manitoba/Atlantic and Territories 21,243,456.45
Total 341,258,879.56

In 2025, on behalf of our members, we paid over $341 million in compensation to patients proven harmed as a result of negligent medical care (fault in Québec). This amount is $77 million more than our ten-year average (2016-2025). 

Read more about compensating patients

Patient compensation costs vary from year to year. Contributing factors include the number of cases settled and the medico-legal outcomes of these cases.

In 2025, the $341 million in patient compensation was $20 million more than in 2024. This increase was driven by a 14.5% increase in the number of cases settled. Compared to the ten-year average, the 2025 average payment per case was higher by 20%. 

Insurance protection against unexpected costs

Since there is volatility in outstanding claims and compensation to patients, we have insurance to help protect us from unexpected costs for medico-legal occurrences prior to December 31, 2025. These policies will help us continue to compensate patients and support members even if there is an unexpected increase in medico-legal expenses.  

Our investment portfolio

We have a diversified investment portfolio that earns income to ensure we can appropriately compensate patients on behalf of members and fund future medico-legal expenses to support our members.

In 2025, the investment portfolio had a net value of $6.0 billion.

The net value increased from 2024 and can be attributed to a $401 million investment gain due to an overall increase in financial markets.

Read more about our investment portfolio

The performance objectives of our investment portfolio are to:

  • Match or exceed an investment return of 6% over the long term to assist physicians, support the medical liability system in Canada, and contribute to safe medical care.
  • Achieve positive value-added returns (over a passive benchmark return) after deducting management fees.

Our investment portfolio consists of both public and private assets. We value our private assets at the lower of original cost or market value. At the end of 2025, we estimated that the fair value of our private assets exceeded their original cost by $1.1 billion. At fair value, our investment portfolio value was $7.1 billion in 2025.

Supporting physicians and patients long-term

The membership fees collected in 2025 will help fund patient compensation and the medico-legal costs of our members well into the future for care provided in 2025.

This long-term horizon demonstrates our commitment to protecting members and their patients long after members retire. This is known as occurrence-based protection. Members are eligible for assistance (and patients are eligible for compensation if proven harmed by negligent medical care) any time in the future if the physician was a CMPA member at the time the care occurred. For example, a retired member could be eligible for assistance related to the care they provided early in their career, provided they were a member at the time.

We must hold adequate funds to compensate patients and support physicians with medico-legal cases for up to 4 decades from the time care was provided.

Our net asset position

Our net asset position is primarily the difference between our investment portfolio and our provision for future payments. It provides a point-in-time measurement that indicates whether we have the required resources to meet our financial obligations, including compensating patients over the next 4 decades.

This amount fluctuates from one year to the next, depending on factors such as investment returns and compensation to patients. We strive to maintain a reasonable net asset position and take a measured approach to temporary shortages or excesses. To manage our financial position over time, we increase or decrease membership fees as needed.

CMPA’s net asset position as of December 31, 2025 was $1.2 billion, an increase of $17 million from 2024. This increase was mainly the result of investment returns.

Planning for future compensation and physician support

We plan ahead to ensure we have adequate finances to appropriately compensate patients proven to have been harmed by negligent care (fault in Québec) and manage legal and administrative expenses well into the future.

As of December 31, 2025, the estimate for all accumulated outstanding claims was $4.5 billion, an increase of $156 million from December 31, 2024.